Yankho Lachangu
Unikani ogulitsa masensa a photoelectric potengera kuthekera kwawo kutsimikizira kuti ntchito ikugwirizana, kusunga kupanga kosasintha, kusintha kwa kuwongolera, ndikuthandizira makinawo nthawi yonse ya ntchito yake. Yambani ndi zofunikira zolembedwa zozindikira zomwe zikuphatikiza zolinga, malo, mtunda, liwiro, kuyika, malo, ndi kuyanjana kwa PLC. Pemphani zikalata za mtundu ndi zitsanzo zoyimira mayeso pansi pa mikhalidwe yopangira. Pezani zigoli kwa ogulitsa pokhapokha ngati zofunikira zaukadaulo zadutsa. Kenako yerekezerani kutsata, zowongolera zopangira, malonjezo operekera, chithandizo cha uinjiniya, ndi mtengo wonse woyikidwa. Kupereka mawu otsika kapena chiwonetsero chabwino cha tebulo si umboni wokwanira pa nsanja ya OEM. Kuvomerezeka kuyenera kulumikiza nambala yeniyeni ya gawo ndikusintha ku zotsatira zotsimikizika zolembedwa ndi mgwirizano wopereka.
Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri
• Fotokozani ntchito yopezera zinthu musanapemphe malangizo kapena mitengo ya ogulitsa.
• Yesani zolinga zakuda kwambiri, zowala kwambiri, zazing'ono kwambiri, komanso zovuta kwambiri zomwe zingavomerezedwe.
• Tsimikizani nthawi yoyankhira kudzera mu chowongolera, osati kokha pa chizindikiro cha sensa.
• Kufuna umboni wokhudzana ndi chitsanzo cholamulidwa, malo opangira zinthu, ndi kukonzanso.
• Gwiritsani ntchito kufananiza kwa zigoli pamodzi ndi zofunikira zovomerezeka zopambana kapena kulephera.
• Phatikizani chidziwitso cha kusintha, kukhazikitsa kusintha, ndi chithandizo cha moyo wonse mu ziyeneretso.
Chifukwa chake kuwunika kwa ogulitsa OEM kumayambira ndi makina
Gulu logula la OEM limalandira mitengo itatu ya sensa yaing'ono ya photoelectric. Onse amalonjeza mtunda wofunikira komanso mphamvu yogwirizana, koma makinawo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapaketi osiyanasiyana, ma geometries oyika, ndi machitidwe oyeretsera makasitomala. Chiwopsezo chogula si kungosankha mtundu wolakwika. Ndi kuvomereza chipangizo popanda kufotokoza momwe kuzindikira kuyenera kukhalira kodalirika.
Deta ya anthu onse ya opanga ikuwonetsa chifukwa chake kufananiza kwa mtundu wa chitsanzo n'kofunika. OMRON imalemba nthawi yoyankha ya 0.5 ms ya mitundu muzofotokozera zake za E3FA/E3RA/E3FB/E3RB, pomwe mawu ake aukadaulo amalekanitsa yankho lotuluka ndi chochitika cha kuwala chomwe chimayambitsa. [1, 2] Kuwunika kwa ogulitsa kuyenera kulumikiza deta yotereyi ndi nthawi yomwe ilipo komanso njira yeniyeni yolowera ya wowongolera. Opereka sensa ya Photoelectric ayenera kuyesedwa pa umboni womwe umatseka mafunso ogwiritsira ntchito.
Chithunzi 1. Chithunzi cha zinthu za Lanbao PSEP kuchokera patsamba lovomerezeka. Banja la diffuse sensing ili ndi chitsanzo chabwino, osati cholowa m'malo mwa mitundu ina ya optical. Gwero [3].
Sinthani fomuyi kukhala lamulo lolembedwa
Yambani ndi chifupikitso chachidule chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mainjiniya, ogula, mtundu, ndi ntchito. Fotokozani zomwe ziyenera kuzindikirika ndi zomwe ziyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Phatikizani zitsanzo zenizeni kapena zithunzi zolamulidwa, zojambula zamitundu, mitundu yovomerezeka, zomaliza pamwamba, kuwonekera bwino, malo okwerera, mtunda wogwirira ntchito, ndi zinthu zomwe zingatheke kumbuyo.
Fotokozani envelopu yogwirira ntchito. Lembani liwiro locheperako komanso lalikulu kwambiri, chandamale chaching'ono kwambiri, mpata wocheperako pakati pa chandamale, kugwedezeka, kuwala kozungulira, kuipitsidwa, kutentha, njira yoyeretsera, ndi kayendedwe ka chingwe. Fotokozani ngati zotulukazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera, kuyimitsa, kuzindikira kupezeka, kapena kulumikizana kwa njira chifukwa ntchito zimenezo zingafunike nthawi yosiyana komanso kulephera kosiyana.
Siyanitsani zofunikira zofunika ndi zomwe mumakonda. Botolo lowonekera lomwe silinagwiritsidwe ntchito lingakhale losavomerezeka, pomwe cholumikizira chomwe mukufuna chingakhale chogwirizana nacho chingathe kukambidwanso. Fotokozani momwe mungavomerezere momwe mungayendere ngati kuli kotheka. "Chodalirika mu fumbi" n'chovuta kutsimikizira; vuto lolembedwa la kuipitsidwa, nthawi yoyeretsera, ndi khalidwe lololedwa kuzindikira zimapangitsa kukambirana kothandiza pa mayeso.
Pewani kuwonetsa masensa wamba odziyimira pawokha ngati zida zotetezera anthu. Ngati pulogalamuyo ikuphatikizapo ntchito yoteteza, tsatirani izi kudzera mu kuwunika koyenera kwa chitetezo cha makina ndikusankha zida zomwe zili ndi luso lofunikira lolembedwa. Mphamvu yosinthira yokhazikika ndi chotetezera sizimatsimikizira kuyenerera kwa chitetezo.
Chongani ngati mawonekedwe owunikira omwe akuperekedwa akuyenerera
Wogulitsa wodalirika ayenera kufotokoza chifukwa chake mfundo yowunikira yomwe ikuperekedwayi ikugwirizana ndi cholinga ndi kukhazikitsa. Makonzedwe odutsa mumlengalenga amaika emitter ndi wolandila mbali zotsutsana. Makonzedwe owunikira kumbuyo amagwiritsa ntchito chowunikira. Masensa ofalikira amalandira kuwala komwe kumawonetsedwa ndi cholingacho. Kuletsa kumbuyo kumawonjezera kusiyana kwa mtunda, kutengera malire a kapangidwe kake. Buku laukadaulo la OMRON limapereka chithunzithunzi cha mfundo zogwirira ntchito izi. [4]
Kusankhako kumasintha mtengo woyika ndi kulimba kwake. Kuzindikira kudzera pa dayamondi kumafuna kulowa ndi mawaya mbali ziwiri. Chowunikira chimawonjezera zosowa zoyikira ndi kuyeretsa. Kuzindikira kosiyanasiyana kumatha kupangitsa kuti kuyika kukhale kosavuta koma kumapangitsa kuti kuwunikira komwe kukuyang'aniridwa ndi momwe zinthu zilili kumbuyo zikhale zofunikira kwambiri. Zinthu zowonekera bwino zimafuna kusankha komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo moganiza kuti sensa iliyonse yowunikira idzazizindikira nthawi zonse.
Funsani chinthu chocheperako chomwe chingathe kudziwika, kukula kwa mtanda kapena malo pa mtunda wogwirira ntchito, madera opanda kanthu, malire akumbuyo, ndi kulolerana kwa kulumikizana. Woperekayo ayenera kuzindikira mikhalidwe yosasangalatsa komanso yabwino. Kufotokozera malire nthawi zambiri kumakhala kothandiza kuposa mawu ambiri akuti sensa imazindikira chilichonse.
Yerekezerani malire ozindikira m'malo mwa malire apamwamba okha
Mtunda wapamwamba kwambiri wofalitsidwa nthawi zambiri umalumikizidwa ndi cholinga chowunikira kapena chowunikira. Funsani zomwe zimasintha ngati cholinga chenicheni chili chakuda, chopingasa, chowunikira pang'ono, kapena chaching'ono kuposa chowunikiracho. Yesani mtunda wonse wololedwa, kuphatikiza malo oyandikira pomwe mawonekedwe ena a kuwala amachita mosiyana.
Banner imafotokoza za phindu lochulukirapo monga mphamvu yowunikira yolandiridwa poyerekeza ndi malire osinthira ndipo imafotokoza kufunika kwake pamene fumbi, chinyezi, kapena zinthu zina zodetsa zimachepetsa chizindikirocho. [5] Pemphani kuti muyesere curve yoyenera kapena kuwunika kofanana kwa malire pa mtunda womwe mukufuna. Musasamutsire malingaliro onse a phindu lochulukirapo mwachisawawa kupita ku kuzindikira kwa chinthu chowonekera, komwe kusintha pang'ono kwa kuwala kolandiridwa kuyeneranso kuthetsedwa.
Chiwonetsero chothandiza chikuphatikizapo gawo loipa kwambiri lomwe lalandiridwa ndi mbiri yoipa. Funsani wogulitsa kuti awonetse malire a kulephera ndikufotokozera ndalama zomwe zilipo mkati mwa envelopu yovomerezeka yogwirira ntchito. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti upangiri ukhale wodalirika kuposa choyambitsa chimodzi chopambana patali.
Tsimikizani nthawi ndi kuphatikiza kwamagetsi
Taganizirani tabu yowonetsera phukusi yomwe ili ndi mulifupi wa 4 mm ndipo imayenda pa 2 m/s. Nthawi yake yodutsa ndi 2 ms. Yankho la 0.5 ms la wofunsidwayo limawoneka labwino, koma makina otsalawo angawonjezere kusefa, kuchedwa kusanthula, kuchedwa kulumikizana, kapena kuyambitsa kusatsimikizika. Kuwerengera kumeneku kumawunikira lingaliro; sikutsimikizira makina omwe adayikidwa.
Yesani mawonekedwe a mafunde otuluka ndi chizindikiro chomwe PLC yazindikira. Yesani kuyatsa ndi kubwezeretsanso, chifukwa mipata yochepa imatha kutha ngakhale zolinga zilizonse zitapezeka. Gwirizanani ngati kutambasula kwa pulse ndikololedwa komanso ngati kumakhudza kuwerengera kwapansi kapena nthawi yokana. Lembani makonda a chowongolera ndi kasinthidwe ka sensa.
Tsimikizirani kugwirizana kwa NPN kapena PNP, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kotseguka kapena kotsekedwa, kasinthidwe ka kuwala kapena kowala, kugawa kwa pini, mphamvu yogwirira ntchito, mphamvu yolowetsa, ndi zofunikira za chingwe. Mukasintha cholumikizira chomwe chilipo, yerekezerani ntchito yolumikizira m'malo mowoneka. Sensa yosinthika yamakina ingafunikebe kusintha mawaya kapena mapulogalamu.
Yesani luso la ogulitsa pogwiritsa ntchito umboni wotsimikizika
Satifiketi yabwino ingathandizire kuwunika kwa wogulitsa, koma siitsimikizira kuti sensa inayake yalandira fomu yofunsira. Tsimikizirani bungwe la satifiketi, malo, kukula kwake, kutsimikizika kwake, ndi wopereka. Pemphani padera zikalata za malonda zomwe zikugwirizana ndi msika womwe mukufuna komanso zofunikira pa makina. Zopempha monga kuyika chizindikiro cha CE, kuzindikira kwa UL, kapena chitetezo cha IP ziyenera kufufuzidwa motsutsana ndi mtundu woyenera komanso zolemba zothandizira.
Pakuwunikanso kwa zinthu zomwe zapangidwa, tsatirani chinthu chimodzi kuyambira pa zinthu zomwe zikubwera mpaka mayeso omaliza. Funsani momwe kulinganiza kwa kuwala, malire osinthira, zotuluka zamagetsi, ndi kuzindikira zimayendetsedwa. Pemphani zitsanzo za zolemba zoyeserera ndi kasamalidwe ka calibration. Cholinga ndikumvetsetsa momwe wogulitsa amazindikira kusinthasintha ndikuletsa kusintha kwa njira yosavomerezeka kufika ku OEM.
Kutsata kuyenera kulumikiza nambala ya batch kapena serial yoperekedwa ku chidziwitso chopangidwa ndi kupanga ndikuyesa. Funsani wogulitsayo kuti awonetse kutengerako pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo chenicheni chozindikiritsa. Dongosolo lolembedwa limakhala lokhutiritsa kwambiri ngati zolemba zomwe zapemphedwa zitha kupezeka ndikumasuliridwa.
| Gulu lowunikira | Kulemera komwe kukuyembekezeka | Umboni wofunikira kuti mupeze zigoli zapamwamba |
| Magwiridwe antchito | 35% | Kupambana cholinga ndi mayeso a chilengedwe |
| Kupanga ndi khalidwe | 20% | Kutsata, zolemba zoyesera, njira zolamulidwa |
| Thandizo la uinjiniya | 15% | Kuthetsa mavuto mobwerezabwereza ndi zolemba zonse |
| Kupereka ndi kupitiriza | 15% | Umboni wa kuthekera, mgwirizano wa nthawi yotsogolera, dongosolo lopitiliza |
| Mtengo wokhazikika wa moyo wonse | 10% | Zipangizo, kukhazikitsa, kutsimikizira, chitsanzo cha mtengo wautumiki |
| Kusamalira kusintha | 5% | Ndondomeko yolembera chidziwitso ndi zoyenereza |
Kulemera kumeneku ndi chida chowunikira cha OEM chomwe chikuperekedwa, osati kuyika chizindikiro m'makampani. Pezani chigoli cha gulu lililonse kuyambira pa zero mpaka zisanu ndikuwerengera chiwerengero chonse cholemeracho ngati kuchuluka kwa kulemera kochulukitsidwa ndi chigoli chogawidwa ndi zisanu. Chigoli cha zinayi mu gulu la 35% chimapereka mfundo 28. Choyamba, gwiritsani ntchito zofunikira zofunika: chigoli chapamwamba chamalonda sichiyenera kulipira chifukwa cha kulephera kuzindikira kapena kusowa kwa zikalata zofunika.
Yendetsani zitsanzo kudzera mu ndondomeko yoyenerera yokhazikika
Pemphani nambala yeniyeni ya gawo la ntchito yopangira, firmware kapena kusintha kwa kasinthidwe komwe kuli kofunikira, chingwe, cholumikizira, ndi zowonjezera. Lembani ngati zitsanzozo zidakonzedwa mwapadera. Zitsanzo kuchokera ku malo opitilira kupanga amodzi zingathandize kuwulula kusiyana, ngakhale kuchuluka koyenera kumadalira chiopsezo ndi kupezeka.
| Gawo loyenerera | Chigawo | Chipata chovomerezeka chomwe chikuperekedwa |
| Kuwunikanso zikalata | Datasheet, mawaya, zojambula, umboni wa chitsanzo | Palibe lamulo lofunikira lomwe silinathetsedwe |
| Kuwunika kwa benchi | Zopinga zazikulu ndi malire omangirira | Kuzindikira ndi kubwezeretsanso malire kovomerezeka kwawonetsedwa |
| Kuyesa kwa makina | Liwiro lonse, chowongolera, masensa oyandikana nawo | Palibe kuwerengera kosamveka kapena kuyambitsa kulephera |
| Kupanga koyeserera | Kusinthana kwa oimira ndi kukonza | Zotsatira zokhazikika ndi kuthetsa mavuto omwe angathe kutsatiridwa |
| Kutulutsa kwa opanga | Mtundu wozizira ndi momwe zinthu zilili | Kutsimikizira kosainidwa ndi zolemba zowongolera kusintha |
1. Fotokozani zolinga, kuchuluka kwa ntchito, ndi njira zovomerezeka musanalandire zitsanzo.
2. Yesani mayeso olamulidwa bwino a benchi ndikusunga mikhalidwe yopambana komanso yolephera.
3. Phatikizani sensa mu makina enieni ndikujambula umboni wa nthawi.
4. Bwerezani pambuyo poti katswiri wachita kusintha kapena kusintha kwabwinobwino.
5. Unikani zotsatira zoyeserera pamodzi musanapereke kutulutsidwa kwa pulatifomu yonse.
Gwiritsani ntchito kutalika kwa mayeso komwe kukuwonetsa chiopsezo cha kulephera. Kulephera kwa zero komwe kwawonedwa mu mayeso ang'onoang'ono sikukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa kulephera kwa zero. Mwachitsanzo, kulephera kwa zero pa mwayi 10,000 wodziyimira pawokha, kumapereka malire apamwamba a mbali imodzi a 95% pafupifupi 3/10,000, kapena kulephera kwa 300 pa mwayi miliyoni, pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la zitatu. Mayendedwe enieni akhoza kugwirizanitsidwa, ndipo kuyesa komwe sikuphatikizapo cholinga chovuta sikuyimira chiopsezo chopanga.
Unikani chithandizo mwa kupempha kuti mugwiritse ntchito njira yothetsera mavuto
Perekani ogulitsa omwe ali pamndandanda wazinthu zomwezo zomwe zingachitike, monga zinthu zabodza zomwe zimachokera kumbuyo kowala kapena zinthu zakuda zomwe sizinachitike pambuyo pa kuipitsidwa. Funsani dongosolo loyesera, muyeso wopemphedwa, ndi njira yokonzekera. Unikani ngati yankholo likusiyanitsa zomwe zimayambitsa kuwala, magetsi, makina, ndi chowongolera.
Thandizo lothandiza limabweretsa kusintha kobwerezabwereza kwa malo kapena ukadaulo ndi chifukwa. Lembani yemwe ali ndi mafunso okhudza ntchito, ziyembekezo za mayankho, kukwera kwa ntchito, ndi kusanthula kulephera. Pemphani malangizo omwe katswiri wautumiki angatsatire popanda kudalira wogulitsa amene adayang'anira oda yoyambirira.
Pa makina apadziko lonse lapansi, ganizirani chilankhulo cha zolemba, kupezeka kwa zosungira, kupeza zolumikizira, ndi kukhazikika kwa makonzedwe m'masamba osiyanasiyana. Mtundu womwe umafuna kusintha kosavuta pamanja ungawonjezere katundu wautumiki ngakhale mtengo wogulira uli wokongola. Phatikizani nthawi yophunzitsira m'malo ndi nthawi yotsimikizira mukuwunika.
Unikani kupitiriza ndi ndalama zonse zomwe zayikidwa
Funsani kuti akuuzeni zomwe akuganiza kuti zidzachitika nthawi yoti zinthu ziyambe kugwira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zayikidwa, kulongedza, kudziwa kuchuluka kwa katundu amene watumizidwa, ndi momwe zinthu zidzakhalire. Siyanitsani kupezeka kwa katundu ndi kuthekera kopanga zinthu mobwerezabwereza. Unikani momwe wogulitsa amasamalirira kusowa kwa zinthu, zida zakale, mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito, ndi kusintha kosayembekezereka kwa magetsi, zamagetsi, zingwe, kapena firmware.
Cholowa chovomerezeka chiyenera kukhala ndi njira yodziwika bwino yoyeneretsera. Mawu a wogulitsa kuti cholowacho ndi chofanana ndi chofanana ndi chofanana ndi chofanana ndi chofanana ndi chofanana ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe kapena kukhazikitsa. Gwirizanani nthawi zodziwitsa, umboni wofunikira, ndi kusintha komwe kumayambitsa kutsimikizikanso. Sungani zojambula ndi makonda olamulidwa kuti kugula kusapangitse mwangozi kuyitanitsa suffix yofanana koma yosayenerera.
Pangani kuyerekeza kwa moyo wonse komwe kumaphatikizapo mabulaketi, zowunikira, mawaya, kuyimitsa, kutsimikizira, zinthu zina zomwe zilipo, kukonza, ndi nthawi yomwe sizikugwira ntchito. Gwiritsani ntchito malingaliro a OEM pa mtengo, kusiyanitsa bwino zotsatira zoyesedwa ndi zomwe zayerekezeredwa. Pewani kugawa ndalama zongoyerekeza za nthawi yomwe sizikugwira ntchito kwa wogulitsa popanda umboni woyeserera.
Konzani chidule cha wogulitsa ndi phukusi lothandiza ndikutulutsa
Mitundu ya zinthu zamagetsi za Lanbao ikhoza kuwunikidwanso ngati gwero limodzi lofunikira, pogwiritsa ntchito zambiri zovomerezeka za gulu ndi tsamba lazinthu za PSEP komwe kuzindikira kofalikira kuli koyenera. [3, 6] Tumizani fomu yofunsira yomweyi kwa ogulitsa onse omwe ali pamndandanda kuti mayankho awo athe kuyerekezeredwa mofanana.
Phukusi lomaliza lotulutsa liyenera kuzindikira nambala ya gawo lovomerezeka, kukonzanso, kujambula kokhazikitsa, zowonjezera, makonda owongolera, zotsatira zotsimikizira, zofunikira zowunikira zomwe zikubwera, ndi kulumikizana ndi okwera. Phatikizani zolemba za zolephera zomwe sizinachitike. Onaninso ziyeneretso pamene zinthu zomwe mukufuna, liwiro la makina, malo, kapena zigawo zolamulidwa ndi ogulitsa zisintha. Zimenezi zimasintha kusankha kwa ogulitsa kukhala njira yobwerezabwereza yaukadaulo m'malo mokambirana mtengo kamodzi kokha.
Zolemba
[1] Zofotokozera za mtundu wa OMRON E3FA E3RA E3FB E3RB
[2] Mawu ogwiritsira ntchito sensa ya OMRON photoelectric ndi nthawi yoyankhira
[3] Tsamba la zinthu za Lanbao PSEP diffuse photoelectric sensor ndi gwero la chithunzi
[4] Chidule cha OMRON cha mfundo zowunikira zamagetsi
[5] Masensa amagetsi ojambulidwa ndi banner ndi kufotokozera kuchuluka kwa phindu
[6] Mitundu ya zinthu za sensa yamagetsi ya Lanbao
Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri
Kodi ndiyenera kufunsa chiyani choyamba kwa wogulitsa sensa ya photoelectric
Funsani kuti ndi njira iti yowunikira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi cholinga chenicheni komanso chifukwa chake. Perekani mtunda wogwirira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa cholinga, liwiro, maziko, malo, ndi tsatanetsatane wa PLC. Yankho lothandiza liyenera kufotokoza zomwe zikuyembekezeka ndikupeza mayeso ofunikira kuti atsimikizire kuyenerera.
Kodi satifiketi ya khalidwe ndi yokwanira kuvomereza wogulitsa?
Ayi. Tsimikizirani satifiketi ndi kukula kwake, kenako fufuzani momwe chitsanzocho chimagwirira ntchito komanso zowongolera zopangira. Mayeso ogwiritsira ntchito, kutsata, zolemba, ndi kasamalidwe ka kusintha kumakhalabe mbali zofunika kwambiri pa chiyeneretso cha OEM.
Kodi OEM iyenera kupempha zitsanzo zingati?
Palibe kuchuluka kwa anthu onse. Sankhani kuphimba malinga ndi kusiyana kwa cholinga, kusiyanasiyana kwa zitsanzo, chiopsezo cha kupanga, ndi chidaliro chomwe mukufuna. Phatikizani magawo angapo ndipo, ngati n'kotheka, magawo osiyanasiyana m'malo modalira chitsanzo chimodzi chowonetsera.
Kodi sensor yotsika mtengo kwambiri ingachepetse mtengo wonse wa makina?
Ikhoza kutero ngati ikukwaniritsa zofunikira popanda kuwonjezera ndalama zoyikira, kutsimikizira, kukonza, kapena ntchito. Yerekezerani yankho lonse loyikidwa, kuphatikizapo zowonjezera ndi nthawi yaukadaulo, musanamalize mtengo.
Kodi chosinthira sensor yomwe ilipo iyenera kuyesedwa bwanji?
Yang'anani kukula, pinout, mawonekedwe a kuwala, momwe zotuluka zimagwirira ntchito, yankho, kulolerana kwa mounting, ndi kasinthidwe. Bwerezani mayeso a pulogalamu yomwe yakhudzidwa ndikulemba zosintha zilizonse za pulogalamu kapena makina musanavomereze kusinthana.
Ndi umboni wotani womwe umatsimikizira kupezeka kodalirika pazinthu zowonekera
Gwiritsani ntchito zitsanzo zowonekera bwino, chowunikira chomwe chatchulidwa ngati chilipo, mawonekedwe enieni oyika, momwe zinthu zilili ndi kuipitsidwa, komanso liwiro la kupanga. Tsimikizirani kuzindikira ndikukhazikitsanso malire m'malo movomereza zomwe zanenedwa kuti ndi zinthu zowonekera bwino.
Kodi wogulitsa ayenera kuyeneretsedwanso liti
Unikaninso ziyeneretso pambuyo pa kusintha koyenera kwa sensa, malo opangira, zigawo, firmware, cholinga, liwiro la makina, kapena malo ozungulira. Pangano lowongolera kusintha liyenera kuzindikira amene akuwunika momwe zinthu zilili komanso mayeso omwe ayenera kubwerezedwa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-11-2026