Pikitia 1. Whakaahua hua raupapa PDA Lanbao mai i te whārangi hua mana. E whakaatu ana te whakaahua i te whānau hua; whakaūtia te whakamutunga tauira katoa i mua i te whakamahi i ngā whakatakotoranga. Puna [2].

Wehea te āheinga whakahoki mai i ētahi atu whakaritenga ine

Ko te āheitanga tāruarua e pā ana ki te horapa o ngā kitenga whai muri i raro i ngā āhuatanga kāore i tino rerekē. Ka tirohia e te āheitanga tāruarua ngā āhuatanga kua rerekē, pērā i tētahi atu kaiwhakahaere, tētahi atu tāutanga, tētahi atu rā rānei. Ka wehewehea e te NIST ēnei ariā, ā, ka tūtohu kia whakahuatia te āhua o te whakapuakitanga o te tika, tae atu ki te ine tatauranga e tika ana.

Ko te taumira te pikinga iti rawa kua tohua, kua taea te wehewehe. Ka taea e te whakaaturanga te whakaatu i ngā pikinga iti i te mea he nui ake te kopikopiko o ngā pānui matua. Ko te pāhekoheko he rerekētanga pūnaha mai i te uara tohutoro. Ko te rārangi e whakaahua ana i te wehenga mai i tētahi whanaungatanga kua tohua puta noa i te awhe ine. Ka taea e te pūoko te whakahoki mai i te uara hē kotahi, nō reira kāore e taea e te tukurua pai te tango i te hapa whakatikatika.

Pānuihia ngā whakaritenga ōrau kia āta tirohia. Mō te tauine katoa 30 mm, ko te ±0.1% e rite ana ki te ±0.030 mm, ±30 μm rānei. Mā taua tātaitanga ka hurihia he whakaritenga e ahu mai ana i te awhe ki ngā waeine hangarau whai hua. Ehara i te mea he rite tonu te hapa o ia inenga, ā, kāore e hurihia te rārangi ki te auautanga.

Pātai atu he aha te tohu o te tau tāruarua

E rua ngā kōrero ka taea te kī i te 20 μm me te whakaahua i ngā mahi rerekē. Tērā pea ka ripoatahia e tētahi kaiwhakarato ētahi paerewa rerekētanga e toru; tērā pea ka ripoatahia e tētahi atu te whānuitanga katoa o te tihi-ki-te-tihi i kitea. Ka whakawhirinaki hoki ngā hua tihi-ki-te-tihi ki te maha o ngā tauira me ngā mea o waho. Pātaihia te tikanga tatau, te maha o ngā tauira, ngā pānui mata mēnā e wātea ana, me te mea he rohe te tau, he hua noa rānei.

E whakaatu ana te tuhinga raupapa PDA-CR50 a Lanbao i tētahi kāri ma whakaata 90%, ngā āhuatanga 23 ±5°C, te tuku 24 VDC, me te whakamahana 30-meneti. E whakahuatia ana hoki te wā tauira 2 ms me te toharite tauira 100-tauira i roto i āna tuhipoka whakamātautau. [1] I mua i te whakataurite i tētahi kōrero ki taua tuhinga, pātai atu me pēhea te hononga o aua tautuhinga ki te wā urupare me te āheinga whakahoki kua whakahuatia. Kaua e whakaaro ko te hua taiwhanga kua tātarihia te aratau whakahaere tere rawa atu.

Mō te whakatairite hoko, whakatiohia tētahi tohutao ine. Tautuhia te ūnga, te tawhiti tohutoro, te aronga mata, te wā pumau, te roanga o te whiwhinga, te atanga putanga, me te tātari. Tonoa he whakamātautau ōrite mai i ia kaiwhakarato kaitono. Ki te kore e taea ngā tautuhinga ōrite, whakaahuahia te rerekētanga kia mārama, kaua e whakarārangi i ngā tau kau noa.

Kia mārama he aha ngā mata tūturu ka whakarerekē i te hua

He maha ngā pūoko nekehanga taiaho tawhiti-poto e whakamahi ana i te tapatoru whatu. Ka tirohia e te kaiwhiwhi te tūranga o te mārama whakaata, ā, ka maherehia taua tūranga e te pūnaha tukatuka ki te tawhiti. Nō reira, ka taea e ngā āhuatanga o te mata te awe i te ine ahakoa kei te pumau tonu te tawhiti ā-tinana. Me aromatawai te pānga mō te hoahoa whatu me te wāhanga motuhake.

Ka taea e te mata kua orohia te arahi i te mārama whai hua kia matara atu i te kaiwhiwhi, te hanga rānei i ngā whakaata āwhata kaha. Tērā pea ka iti ake te mārama e whakahokia mai ana e ngā mata pōuri. Ka taea e te kakano te whakarerekē i te tohu i kitea i te mea ka puta ngā āhuatanga mata rerekē i roto i te ira. I te taha, ka rua pea ngā teitei o te wāhi kua whakamāramahia. Ka taea e te ira nui ake te whakataurite i ngā taipitopito ā-rohe e tika ana kia whakatauhia e te tirotiro.

Whakamaua te pūoko kia kore ai e araia ngā ara e tukuna ana, e whiwhihia ana puta noa i te nekehanga e tumanakohia ana. Tirohia ngā pute, ngā taha kua ara ake, me ngā taputapu mō te atarangi whatu. Whakamahia te whānuitanga tuturu o ngā whakaotinga mata, tae atu ki te rerekētanga whakaputa e whakaaetia ana. Mā te whakamātautau i tētahi tauira ātaahua ka taea te huna i te aratau rahunga e puta mai ana i muri i te taenga mai o te puranga rauemi e whai ake nei.

Hangaia he tahua hapa tirotiro i mua i te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu

Tīmata ki te ātete tātuhi me te hua o te whakaae teka, te whakahē teka rānei. Whakatūria he takoha ine e whakaaetia ana me te tīma kounga. He whainga ā-roto whai hua pea te ōwehenga ine-ki-ātete pumau, engari kāore he ōwehenga kotahi e whakaatu aunoa i te pai mō ia hua, mō ia taumata mōrearea rānei.

Whakaarohia he ātete teitei tauira mai i te 9.80 ki te 10.20 mm, he whānui katoa o te 0.40 mm. Mehemea ka puta he paerewa rerekētanga tūmau i roto i tētahi whakamātautau whakamātautau, he 0.006 mm. E ono ngā paerewa rerekētanga e horapa ana ki te 0.036 mm, arā, 9% o te whānui o te ātete. He tātaitanga tirotiro tēnei mō taua whakamātautau tūmau, ehara i te hua whakaae katoa o te ine. Kāore e whakaurua te nekehanga, te pānga, te pāmahana, me ngā pānga roa.

Mena ka whakatauhia ngā takoha o te koretake paerewa motuhake he 6 μm mō te haruru pūoko, 8 μm mō te nekehanga, me te 4 μm mō te hopu, ko te tapeke-pūtake tapawhā he tata ki te 10.8 μm. Ka tika tēnei tataunga ina he rite tonu te pūtake o ngā whakatau tata, ā, he whaitake te whakaaro motuhake. Ko ngā pānga honohono, te pānga kore whakatikatika, me ngā rohenga mōrahi kua tohua me whakahaere motuhake; kaua e whakaurua matapo ki roto i te tātai kotahi.

Nō reira, ka tīmata he kōrero whai hua mō te hoko me te tahua tono. Mena he nui ake te rerekētanga o te taputapu, kāore pea he uara e tāpirihia ana e te pūoko utu nui. Mena he nui ake ngā pānga o te mata, ko te huri i te āhuahanga, te hangarau pūoko rānei, he mea nui ake pea i te uara iti o te whakahokinga o te rarangi taonga.

Whakamanahia ngā inenga tūmau me ngā inenga nekeneke motuhake

Whakamahia he tohutoro ka taea te whai, he wāhanga nekehanga kua whakatauritea rānei hei tirotiro i ngā tūranga e mōhiotia ana. Me tika te koretake o te tohutoro mō te whakatau e mahia ana. Tuhia ngā āhuatanga taiao, ā, waiho kia pumau te pūnaha e ai ki te kaihanga. Puritia ngā tautuhinga me ngā raraunga mata kia taea ai te whakahoki i te hua i muri i te tāutanga.

1. Inehia kia kotahi te tohutoro pumau kia kitea ai he haruru poto.

2. Tangohia, ka whakakapia te wāhanga kotahi kia kitea ai te uta me te rerekētanga o te taputapu.

3. Inehia ngā wāhanga e tika ana puta noa i te whānuitanga me ngā whakaotinga mata e hiahiatia ana.

4. Whakahokia i te tere whakaputa me te ara whakaoho me te ara hopu tūturu.

5. Whakahokia anō i muri i te whakamahana, te huringa pāmahana, me te horoi, te tiaki rānei i ia wā.

6. Whakatauritehia ngā hua ki ngā herenga kua whakaaetia, ā, tirotirohia ngā hapa i mua i te tukunga.

He tīmatanga ēnei rahinga kua whakaarohia, ehara i te rahi tauira paerewa. Whakanuia te kapinga i runga i te kanorau o te tukanga, ngā whakaritenga whakapono, me te utu o tētahi whakatau hē. Ka taea e te whakamātautau poto te tautuhi i tētahi raruraru me te kore e whakaatu i te pono mō te wā roa.

Taurite te toharite ki te tere raina

Ka taea e te whakataurite te whakaiti i te haruru matapōkere, engari ka taea hoki e ia te whakaroa i te hua me te whakangawari i tētahi āhuatanga e tika ana kia kitea. Mō ngā tauira matapōkere motuhake, ka heke te paerewa rerekētanga o te toharite me te pūtake tapawhā o te tatau tauira. Kāore e whai tonu ana i taua whakapainga te haruru e pā ana, te puhoi o te nekeneke, me ngā hapa e pā ana ki te mata.

I roto i tētahi tirohanga nekehanga whakaahua, ka noho tonu tētahi āhuatanga 5 mm e haere ana i te tere 0.5 m/s i raro i tētahi wāhi ine mō te 10 ms pea. He roa ake te tautuhinga urupare 40 ms i taua matapihi tirotiro. Tērā pea ka whakaitihia te āhuatanga, ka konatunatua rānei ki ōna taiao. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he tautuhinga tere ake, ā, ka whai ake ko tētahi whakamātautau auau hou i taua tautuhinga.

Whakaarohia te whakaroa o te whakaoho, te wā matawai a te kaiwhakahaere, ngā whakahoutanga whakawhitiwhiti kōrero, me ngā toharite katoa i mahia i roto i te PLC. Tērā pea ka āhua pumau te whakaaturanga o te pūoko i te mea e pānui ana te PLC i ngā raraunga tawhito, kua tātarihia rānei i tētahi atu huarahi. Aromātaihia te uara i whakamahia mō te whakatau whakaputa.

Tirohia ngā ture whakauru me te whakaae

Mō te atanga anaro, manatokohia te tauine, te taumira whakauru, te whenua, te ara taura, me te kawenga porowhita. Mō te atanga matihiko, manatokohia ngā waeine, te whakamaoritanga rēhita, te tere whakahou, te whakahaere raraunga kore mana, me ngā wā mutu. Kāore tetahi o ngā atanga e whakamana aunoa i te hua tirotiro pai ake; ko te whakatinanatanga katoa e whakatau ana i te mahi.

Whakatakotoria he ture whakatau mārama e tata ana ki ngā rohe whakatakotoranga. Mēnā he tata te ine ki tētahi rohe, me whakamahi pea he whitiki tiaki, he ine anō, he tikanga tirotiro rerekē rānei, i runga i te āwangawanga me te kaupapa here kounga kua whakaaetia. Kaua e huna ngā whakarōpūtanga āwangawanga mā te ine tonu kia puta rā anō he uara kua hipa.

Ka taea e te kamupene hoko te whakamahi i te whānau hua PDA Lanbao hei tauira aromatawai, me te tono hoki i te pepa raraunga tauira tika, te whirihoranga putanga, me te whakamātautau tono. [2] Tukua te pūoko me te tuhi i te tūāpapa, te tuhi whakairinga, te kōnae tautuhinga, te tukanga manatoko, me ngā tohutohu whakakapinga. Mā ēnei tuhinga ka tiakina te mahi kua whakamanahia i muri i te tiaki.

Ngā Tohutoro

[1] Raupapa raraunga raupapa tino tika a Lanbao PDA CR50 me ngā tikanga whakamātautau

[2] Te whānau hua o te pūoko nekehanga taiaho PDA Lanbao me te pūtake whakaahua

Ngā Pātai Auau

He rite tonu te auautanga ki te tika

Kāo. Ko te āheitanga tāruarua e whakaatu ana i te ōritetanga i waenga i ngā pānuitanga tāruarua i raro i ngā tikanga kua tautuhia. Ko te tika e pā ana ki te ōritetanga ki te rahinga e inehia ana. Ka taea e te rerekētanga pumau te whakaputa i te āheitanga tāruarua tino pai i te mea kāore te tawhiti kua pūrongohia e tika ana mō te whakatau tirotiro tino.

He aha te kaha whakahoki e pai ana mō taku tirotiro

Kōwhiria he whakaritenga mai i te manawanui wāhanga, te tahua koretake, me ngā hua o te whakarōpūtanga hē. Manatokohia te pūnaha kua tāuta katoa. Kāore e taea e te uara putumōhio anake te whakatū i tētahi rohe whakaae tika mō tētahi tukanga kāore i te mōhiotia.

Ka taea e te pūoko he 10 maikoromita te tirotiro i te ātete 10 maikoromita?

Kāore te whakataunga anake e tautoko i taua whakatau. Tērā pea he nui ake i te pikinga e whakaaturia ana te haruru, te pīrori, te rārangi, ngā pānga wera, te rerekētanga o te taunga, me te whanonga hopu. Me whai rangahau āheinga ine tika te manawanui.

He aha i iti ake ai te pumau o ngā pānui i runga i te konganuku kanapa?

Ka taea e ngā mata whakaata te whakarerekē i te mārama e tae atu ana ki te kaiwhiwhi ina huri te koki, te tūranga rānei. Whakamātauria te āhua me te āhua tuturu. Tērā pea ka hiahiatia he koki whakairinga rerekē, he whakaritenga whatu, he hangarau pūoko rānei i muri i te aromatawai i te tono.

Ka whakapai ake tonu te toharite i te auautanga

He maha ngā wā ka whakaitihia e te toharite te rerekētanga matapōkere kāore e pā ana ki tētahi atu. Kāore e taea te tango pono i te hapa rerekē, te hapa pūnaha rānei, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te kitea o ngā āhuatanga poto i runga i ngā wāhanga neke. Whakatauritehia ngā tautuhinga i te tere whakaputa e hiahiatia ana.

Kia pēhea te auau o te tirotiro i te pūoko

Tautuhia te wā mai i te mōrearea tukanga, te nekehanga kua kitea, te taiao, me te hītori tiaki. Tirohia i muri i ngā huringa tāutanga, i te whakakapinga pūoko rānei. Mā te tirotiro tohutoro i ngā wā whakaputa kua tautuhia ka āwhina i te whakaatu i ngā huringa i mua i te pānga ki tētahi puranga nui.

Ngā mea me tuku ki te kaiwhakarato hei whakamātautau whai hua

Whakaratohia ngā wāhanga e whakaatu ana i te āhua, ngā tuhi, ngā manawanui, te rerekētanga o te mata, ngā here whakairinga, te tere raina, ngā taipitopito o te kaiwhakahaere, me te ture whakatau e hiahiatia ana. Tonoa ngā inenga mata me ngā tautuhinga katoa kia taea ai te tārua i te whakamātautau ki te mīhini.